tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26223776009239115552024-03-12T20:41:20.336-07:00Pitch Feedback - Sing in Tune - Improve your EarPitchFeedbackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09869949001979826232noreply@blogger.comBlogger9125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2622377600923911555.post-41960909352277417242019-06-10T11:40:00.001-07:002019-06-10T11:40:55.583-07:00Perfect Pitch Meter<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Wouldn’t it be nice to know where you stand on the road to perfect pitch?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Having an indicator that can show you your progress towards perfect pitch
helps you to recognize and improve your weak points.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Unfortunately, the definition of perfect pitch is very complex. Wikipedia
redirects a search for the term “Perfect Pitch” to the page “Absolute Pitch.”
In this way, perfect pitch is often used as a synonym for absolute pitch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: DE;">In my opinion, the term “perfect pitch” should be used for describing the
precision of relative pitch. Let me explain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Wikipedia states as one of the criteria for perfect pitch (absolute
pitch): being able to sing a pitch in the equal-tempered system without having
a reference tone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Unfortunately, this definition combines two aspects of pitch skills:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Matching a pitch perfectly<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Remembering a pitch perfectly<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Matching a pitch
perfectly<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: DE;">This aspect addresses relative pitch skills. If you can match a pitch
perfectly when singing, then this is a relative skill, since you match a pitch
you’ve heard with your voice. Now, matching a pitch has nothing to do with the
equal-tempered system of frequencies. You can match a pitch that is off the
equal-tempered system. In fact, there are other music systems in which you have
to match other frequencies to be in tune. Even in the equal-tempered system, the
pitch frequencies have changed several times: </span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“The
standard pitch has not always been 440 Hz. It has varied and generally
risen over the past few hundred years“ (“The History of Musical Pitch in
Europe“, Hermann von Helmholtz, referenced in the Wikipedia article “Equal Temperament“.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Since to be/sing in tune is the most
important aspect of harmonic music, relative pitch is independent of absolute
pitch frequencies. Therefore, the term perfect pitch should be used to express
a perfect match of any frequency. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">To be able to match a pitch
perfectly, you must be able to recognize deviations from a given reference frequency.
This is a skill that can be trained and improved with appropriate feedback. Measuring
the deviation-recognition ability does not only apply to recognizing deviations
from equal-tempered frequencies but is valid for any frequencies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">This insight let to the
development of a relative pitch meter (see my post “Relative Pitch Indicator”).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Remembering a pitch
perfectly</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The second aspect addresses
absolute pitch skills. You must be able to remember the sounds of absolute
frequencies. Since you are not allowed to hear a reference tone, you must be
able to recall the sound of a pitch from your long-term memory. Now, we all can
recall song-melodies. The question is how accurately – in relation to absolute
frequencies – we remember the pitches. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Recall can be learned and improved
too. For example, with exercises like “growing melodies”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– in which a melody grows by adding a new
random note at the end and your task is to recall and replay the growing melody
– you can train your pitch memory. Unfortunately, in a growing melody exercise,
you will use also relative pitch skills, since you can build on the previously
heard note.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">To eliminate the relative pitch
part, we must introduce a silence period. That means, before you are allowed to
recall a note, there must be pitch-less period of a certain duration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">If we use the Wikipedia criteria,
“Accurately sing a named pitch without a reference tone,” then we can – for a
given silence period – measure your recall precision directly. A reproducible
test can be built by letting you hear a tone – in your singing range – and
after a specified silence time, requiring you to sing that tone back. The
reproduction of the pitch through singing allows us to measure the deviation
from the original pitch. If we need to match the pitch within a predefined
precision, then the silence period – within which we are still able to
reproduce the pitch correctly within the required precision – can be used to
express our pitch memory as the silence period in seconds.</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: DE;">This insight was used to develop an absolute pitch meter (see my post
“Absolute Pitch Indicator”).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Despite the
title “Perfect Pitch Meter,” no perfect pitch meter has been presented. However,
by assessing the values of the relative pitch meter and the absolute pitch
meter, a kind of a perfect pitch meter could be constructed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: DE;">The
absolute pitch meter seems to be nearer to capturing the most difficult part of
the Wikipedia definition for perfect pitch. On the other hand, hearing relative
pitch distances accurately is much more important for music. Harmony means that
the pitches relative to each other harmonize. Therefore, a relative pitch meter
is much more useful than an absolute pitch meter. Progress in relative pitch
has a direct observable influence on a performance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Nevertheless,
absolute pitch training is memory training and helps to overcome forgetfulness.
However, it is very exhausting. For example learning a growing random number is
very tedious and therefore abandoned quickly. The merits are not easily visible.
The same is true for acquiring perfect pitch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Is the effort needed
to achieve progress —compared to the merit— the killing factor for acquiring absolute
pitch?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: DE;">According
to the </span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">article “</span><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Acquiring Absolute Pitch in Adulthood Is Difficult
but Possible (July 2018)”, the authors Yetta Kwailing Wong, Kelvin F.H. Lui,
and Ken H.M. Yip, believe that the findings of their studies suggest that absolute
pitch continues to be learnable in adulthood. So, why then don’t we see more
people that acquire absolute pitch? The simple answer </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: DE;">—</span></b><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">that the
merits don’t outweigh the effort</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-language: DE;">—</span></b><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> deserves a closer look.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">What is “Pseudo
Absolute Pitch”?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">To my
knowledge, there exists no definition for the term “pseudo-absolute pitch.” The
term is used to express that there is always a noticeable difference between
acquiring absolute pitch abilities in childhood and adulthood. While this may
be true, it does not prove that the brain is unable to acquire “real”
(indistinguishable) absolute pitch at any age. To support this thought, let us
look at the ability to learn a foreign language. You can start learning a
foreign language any time after childhood. The question is: How perfectly can
an adult learn a foreign language? Can an adult learn a foreign language perfectly
at all? To answer these questions, there are three main topics that we have to
honor:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #101010; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The term “perfect” is
always relative to subjective interpretation.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #101010; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Learning exposure: The environment
where the learning takes place (e.g., a foreign country) is important <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #101010; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">There is limited available
time<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Since
the first aspect is subject to personal preferences, I will not dive in deeper.
I will only say that the fact that a person who has learned a foreign language can
get better marks on tests than natives does not mean that his language
understanding is better than that of a native speaker.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The
second aspect points out that, for learning a foreign language, moving to the
country of the language’s origin makes a huge difference. The constant exposure
to the language has a great influence on learning. However, an iron will is
still necessary to overcome shortcomings. Especially, to get rid of one’s own
native accent is not easy. In this way, active training is needed. In contrast to
the constant language exposure, acquiring perfect pitch is much more difficult,
since there is no permanent utilization of absolute pitch references. As I
mentioned before, music is always based on relative pitch. Therefore, it will
be much more difficult to acquire absolute pitch than to acquire a foreign language
perfectly to the point where native speakers can no longer differentiate the
persons origin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The
third aspect, a limited lifetime, makes it clear that a 70-year-old person
probably does not have the chance to learn a foreign language perfectly. But
here, we must recognize that even a 70-year-old person can still make progress
in acquiring a foreign language. If we assume that acquiring perfect pitch has
a lot in common with learning a foreign language —both are based on audio
(listening and expressing) —<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>then the
question comes down to this: If it is possible to learn a foreign language perfectly
in adulthood, why shouldn’t it be possible to acquire perfect pitch? To answer
this last question we must find out how our brain functions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">How does our
brain work?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">To
answer this question, I propose the following thought experiment: Let us assume
that a person stops aging after 70 and lives for another 1,000 years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In this
case, I will argue that after 1,000 years, a person living in a foreign country
will be as native as a real native, since during these 1,000 years, the person
will make progress, even learn all the customs. And if the person is actively
working on his or her accent, then he or she will no longer be distinguishable
from natives, especially since during that period, the use of the vocabulary
will change —new words will be added, and other words will vanish. This person
will even be part of this process and help form the language.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">If this
thought experiment is true, then this implies that the brain is built for
learning perfect pitch too. There are no magical wirings in the brain that forbid
the brain from acquiring perfect pitch. If our g</span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">oal is to understand how the brain works, then we should
concentrate on looking at why the brain starts blocking accepting new concepts.
One reason could be that the brain feels “overloaded,” like if you have eaten
enough and your desire to eat stops. That is, if the brain no longer recognizes
a need to learn a new concept, then the brain is no longer willing to transfer
information from short-term to the long-term memory. The brain tries to safeguard
our long-term memory from overloading. It is obvious that the capacity of our
long-term memory is limited. Therefore, it seems plausible that during our
evolution, a sufficient reserve for fast adaption proved to be a lifesaver.
Thus, the brain starts to delimit the transfer from the short-term memory to
the long-term memory. Concepts that do not bring visible progress (or reward)
during a certain period simply do not get transferred. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">The important
lesson we should take from this thought experiment is that the brain never
changes its essential learning behavior. You can still learn anything you want
at any age if you have enough energy and time to do so. And the second thing we
should honor is that clear, fast, rewarding feedback is a strong supporter in
learning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">For acquiring
absolute pitch, this means that our brain needs direct feedback to see where we
stand so that we can observe our progress, and therefore, the information
transfer to the long-term memory does not get blocked. We know that relative
pitch deserves more attention and that relative pitch shows faster progress
towards musicality. We also know that we do not have permanent exposure to
using absolute pitch frequencies as references. For making progress in learning
musical concepts, relative pitch will always be dominant, since during musical
activity, we always have to adjust relative to other instruments. Even without
other instruments </span><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">—</span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">in a melody</span><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">—</span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;"> we have to make
sure that the tones are relative in harmony to each other. So, it will be very
difficult to acquire absolute pitch, if we do not already have a good sense of relative
pitch. Therefore, we must learn to listen carefully for relative pitch
distances first, before we can start to memorize absolute pitch frequencies with
the required precision.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Because we
can derive a similarity between learning absolute pitch and our language-learning
thought experiment, it should be possible to acquire perfect pitch </span><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">—</span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;"> provided that we are given enough time and learning exposure. The fact
that our brain will prioritize learning relative pitch just makes it very
difficult to acquire absolute pitch. Most people will give up before reaching the
necessary precision and speed even for relative pitch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">The first
thing you should do is perfect your relative pitch hearing abilities. Since
relative pitch deviations must be corrected immediately, the skill of detecting
pitch deviations is essentially a speed accomplishment. Since the relative
pitch meter attaches importance to reaction time, it can be used to achieve
improvements in this direction. The goal should be to reach a level where
recognition of relative pitch distances should become innate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Second</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">, the observable decline of improvement in the absolute
pitch training undermines the argument </span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">—</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">that “the effort vs. the merit is the killing factor” for
acquiring absolute pitch, and not the “you have to be born with it claim” is
true. To further support this claim,<span style="color: red;"> </span><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">I need about 100 persons who are willing to spend 20
minutes a day for a period of 100 days. Please download the program SamePitchPlease
and take 20 minutes each day to document your pitch recall ability progress,
thus collecting data on your progress towards absolute pitch. In this way, the
absolute pitch meter will collect information about the starting absolute pitch
level, the improvements made, and the observable slowdown of improvement. The
speed of improvement is the critical point for motivation. If the absolute
pitch level cannot be improved within a reasonable time, then people will start
to give up. If you give up before the 100-day period, please let us know the
reason in the comment section of the export dialog in the SamePitchPlease
program.</span></span><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Together,
the relative pitch meter and the absolute pitch meter show you where you stand
on the path to perfect pitch. Don’t be disappointed if your score is low —this only
shows that there is room for improvement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Call to action<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Even though a
perfect pitch meter could be constructed from the results of the relative pitch
and absolute pitch meter, it does not make sense, since to motivate someone, direct
evaluable feedback in relation to the effort made is necessary. By measuring
two aspects separately, you can better see the effect of your effort towards each
of the goals: acquiring relative pitch abilities and acquiring absolute pitch
abilities. Combining two meters into one meter blurs the assignability of an effort
to an outcome.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">The absolute
pitch meter does not really help you to improve your musicality. Musicality is
always a relative task –you must be in harmony relative to a given key. So, is an
absolute pitch meter useless? No </span><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">—</span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">it can help us to
understand how the brain works. Absolute pitch is a very good field for
understanding/discovering the functioning of short/long-term memory. Therefore,
the observations made during a 100-day period with the absolute pitch ability
test would not only help to prove/refute the hypothesis that the effort vs. the
merit is the killing factor for acquiring absolute pitch, but also give some inside
data on the functioning of our short- and long-term memory. The level where you
start is not an issue –everybody will make progress just by the effort they put
in. But everybody will also slow down in the progress curve. And then it gets
boring. The aim of this call to action is to document this slowdown in
acquiring absolute pitch with the program SamePitchPlease. For relative pitch,
the program PitchBlitz can be used to document the learning behavior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">So, please
download the free program SamePitchPlease (<a href="https://samepitchplease.com/">https://samepitchplease.com</a>)
to start your absolute pitch training, or PitchBlitz (<a href="https://pitch-blitz.com/">https://pitch-blitz.com</a>) to start your
relative pitch training. After 5 days please export your statistics and send the
exported file to felixthecat @ listening-singing-teacher.com. This way, I will know
that you have started the training. After finishing the100-day training period,
please, send me your statistics report again. Of course, if you give up
earlier, I would appreciate if you send me your current statistics anyway
(preferably with a short comment on why you gave up).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">When I get five
emails with a 5-day starting statistic, I will publish a table (<a href="https://pitchfeedback.com/Absolute-Pitch-Meter-Stats.html">https://pitchfeedback.com/Absolute-Pitch-Meter-Stats.html</a>)
showing the participant number, the starting date and the starting score. The
table will contain other columns </span><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">—i</span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">nitially empty</span><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">—</span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;"> that will show the score after 100 days, or </span><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">—</span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">if you send
me an intermediate report</span><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">— </span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">your intermediate score and the number of training days
you have completed. You do not have to send intermediate reports. However, sending
me the first report after 5 days should motivate others to also start to
explore their relative/absolute pitch capabilities, because they can see that
others have started (to see nothing feels like being a lonely fighter, and if
you give up before the 100-day period, it is very unlikely that you will send
in your finishing score). If you finish the 100-day period, I appreciate when your
sending me the final report. In case you give up earlier, sending me your last
report is also highly appreciated. In this case, the table will be updated with
the last score and completed number of training days along with the information
you reported for the reason for giving up (via clickable choices or comment).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">The data I
receive will be rendered anonymous, so your name will never occur in a
statistic. Your email address will never be used except to check back in case
of ambiguities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Thank you for
your support<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: DE;">Felix<o:p></o:p></span></div>
PitchFeedbackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09869949001979826232noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2622377600923911555.post-64197535268327392022018-11-13T12:41:00.000-08:002018-11-25T23:18:35.438-08:00Relative Pitch Indicator<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;">Building a relative pitch meter</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 16pt;">Introduction</span></div>
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After developing an absolute pitch indicator, I asked
myself "Shouldn’t there be a more general way to measure the sense of relative
pitch?" After all, the expressions “I have good relative pitch,” “I have excellent relative pitch,” and “I have bad relative pitch” are not quantitative
statements. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Because relative pitch is the essential thing in musicality,
I should have developed such an indicator in the first place. The idea that you cannot acquire absolute pitch after a certain age, is in my
opinion not helpful in improving one's musicality. Therefore, the idea of taking
away the mystique of perfect pitch arose. But only after developing a continuous
absolute pitch indicator did I realized that the advantages of having a similar
indicator for relative pitch, is too.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There are numerous interval test programs that can tell you how many out of a certain number of intervals you've guessed correctly. Isn’t that good enough?
After all, you get enough feedback to continue your training and improve your percentage ratio.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In most cases, the feedback is very helpful, because you know that
the percentage was for a particular interval or intervals. For example, you may have tested
major thirds, perfect fifths, or a combination of both. Or, in the best case, you do a test of all intervals. While such a percentage provides an overall view
of relative pitch, it is not useful for beginners. Beginners are better off
receiving feedback on specific intervals. This allows them to train specifically on
those intervals where they need improvement. More importantly, they can better track their progress.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Why, then, should we have a relative
pitch indicator?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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There are two main reasons for developing a relative pitch indicator: precision and answering speed. Additionally, the indicator provides the advantage of music system independence.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Interval Precision<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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What exactly is relative pitch? To identify an interval, you
must recognize pitch distances. That is, you must recognize that the tonal
distance between a minor third and a major third is smaller. However, if you think that
smaller distances are more difficult to recognize than larger distances, then
you are wrong. This lies in the relationship between tones and overtone
creation. Normal tones will always create overtones, and these overtones follow a
simple pattern: the path of least resistance. If you pluck a string, the string will start
to vibrate with its fundamental frequency. The first overtone that gets generated
is always the octave and its wavelength corresponds to half the length of the
string. In other words, the wavelength fits twice within the original
length. The next overtone is the perfect fifth and its wavelength fits three times within the original length. Now, since the first overtone is an octave, we also
hear a perfect fourth, since the perfect fourth is the inverse interval of the
perfect fifth. For more information on this topic, see my video: <a href="https://youtu.be/JSyEA1i1XIE" target="_blank">Absolute and relative pitch – inside our methods</a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In this way, pitch distance discrimination has two components:
the tonal distance and the overtone relationship. While for the octave, the distance
is usually the main identifier, for the perfect fifth and the perfect fourth, the overtone relationship makes the distinguishing process difficult. In fact, for most
people distinguishing perfect fourths and perfect fifths is an extremely difficult
task. Therefore, for learning purposes, it makes sense to follow an interval training pattern.<o:p></o:p></div>
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However, as a general measure we should still use pitch
distance alone as the relative pitch indicator. How do we describe the
difference between someone who has “a good sense” and someone that has “an excellence sense” of relative pitch? To answer this question, we have to go deeper –
beyond the precision of half-steps. That is, we must measure pitch distance
deviations. In this way, measuring pitch
distance is the only way to determine relative pitch discrimination ability. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Answering Speed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unlike absolute pitch, it is generally accepted that
relative pitch can be acquired. So, assuming that you have acquired relative pitch,
then the recognition speed is still a criterion to differentiate or grade your ability. For relative pitch, speed is everything: You should continually improve relative pitch recognition speed until it is innate. Therefore, answering speed
should be part of a relative pitch indicator.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Music system independence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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When we speak of relative pitch, we usually mean intervals in the
equal-tempered system. Thus, one must know the interval names of this system.
However, there exist other music systems around the world. Furthermore, people
without a musical education can also discriminate pitch distances; they just
cannot name the intervals because they lack basic music theory.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Since all music systems recognize the octave, dividing the octave
into equal small steps makes it possible to measure pitch distances. In the
equal-tempered system, the octave is divided into 1,200 small steps. A half-step, then, consists of 100 such small steps. In the equal-tempered system, deviations
from standard frequencies is given in cents. Therefore, one small step equals
1 cent. For the remainder of this post I will use the term "cents" for pitch
distance statements.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This music system independence allows for the measurement of general pitch
distance and is thus suited for a general relative pitch indicator.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Idea and development<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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If we want to measure and quantify relative pitch, we must
first identify the main quality of relative pitch. When I developed the
absolute pitch indicator, I started with the assumption that everybody has
absolute pitch, but some are just better than others. So, all we have to do is find a continuous measure to describe that ability. Since most people do not
have absolute pitch, I have to bring them into a framework where I can say, "You have this degree of absolute pitch." Therefore, I did loosen the definition of absolute pitch. For example, if someone is never more than a half-step off from the
correct answer, then this person – in my system – has absolute pitch. This assumes the
absolute pitch test would be done only with whole-steps instead of half-steps. If
we go even further in loosening the required recognition precision – to an
octave, for example – then we can grade all possessors of non-absolute pitch. But I can also go
in the other direction by defining perfect pitch as the ability to discriminate
pitches by a third of a half-step. That is, there are now 36 tones to identify
in an octave. A sample answer for a tested tone, then, would be "This is an 'A' plus a third of a half-step.” Now some people who have absolute pitch
according to the current perceived meaning of absolute pitch would start to
fail the test for the narrower definition. If we were to go even further by accepting deviations of only fractions of a cent, then at some point everybody
would fail the test (e.g., if you must be able to express tones to a
precision of 0.1 cent – such as: this is an “'A' plus 34.7 cents.“). For absolute
pitch, measuring accuracy is, in my opinion, not the most relevant criterion,
so, I decided to keep accuracy at a fixed level, and use the retention-time as the unit
for the indicator. Nevertheless, the loosening of the accuracy was the first
step toward the absolute pitch indicator.<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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Using a similar approach for a relative pitch indicator,
I will start by testing to see if one can successfully identify large pitch distances. In
this way, I can already start to grade people with a poor sense of relative
pitch. In addition, I will take the tested range and measure the answering speed. This
allows me to grade even more precisely. Going beyond the precision of half-steps in the
grading lets you see your “cushion” and gives you confidence. Therefore,
the main criterion will be the pitch distance, and the unit of the relative
pitch meter will be cents. For example, if you are able to identify pitch
distances to a third of a half step, then your relative pitch indicator is 33
cents. In other words, you can differentiate an interval from another interval that deviates
by a third of a half step. <o:p></o:p></div>
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When I introduced the program <a href="https://www.listening-ear-trainer.com/" target="_blank">listening-ear-trainer</a> (March
2013), I also added – as a by-product – a learning box for intervals. Instead
of absolute pitches, intervals are used as the “words” to memorize. A
learning box is usually used for vocabulary training. Since, listening-ear-trainer
is a training program, it is not suited for an evaluation test. Moreover, it
is limited to pitch distances of a half-step. <o:p></o:p></div>
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So, after introducing the absolute pitch indicator, the idea
for a general indicator for relative pitch was born. It is important
to note that both indicators are independent of any particular music system and
that the programs can also be used by non-musicians to grade them-self. This feature makes it easy
to evaluate the success rate of any training program. Before releasing the
program <a href="https://www.pitch-grid-test.com/" target="_blank">Pitch Grid Test</a> (October 2018), I introduced the program <a href="https://www.pitch-blitz.com/" target="_blank">PitchBlitz</a> (June 2018), which is based on the same grid layout as the test but has additional training
options. The test returns a continuous indicator for the relative pitch ability expressed in cents.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Defining the test and metrics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Pitch Grid Test measures the ability to distinguish pitch
distances within a predefined precision. Thus, the distance itself
is not part of the evaluation, only the ability to discriminate that distance within the given precision. That is, you must be able to differentiate a
pitch distance from a pitch distance that is larger or smaller by the amount of
the given precision. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JahQsWkcc-Y/W-s2hhcWWGI/AAAAAAAAAJ4/bN93UDB_oH4wqtPD_SO1qExB5Rks1JCVgCLcBGAs/s1600/PitchBlitzThreeHalfstepsPlusYellowCommented.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="480" height="384" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JahQsWkcc-Y/W-s2hhcWWGI/AAAAAAAAAJ4/bN93UDB_oH4wqtPD_SO1qExB5Rks1JCVgCLcBGAs/s640/PitchBlitzThreeHalfstepsPlusYellowCommented.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Relative pitch tests can be done in two ways: harmonically
or melodically. <span style="color: #141414; mso-bidi-font-family: "Verdana Italic"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In a harmonically played interval, both notes are
played simultaneously. In a melodically played interval, the notes are played
one after the other. </span><span style="color: #141414; mso-bidi-font-family: "Verdana Italic";">Harmonic intervals are simpler to test, since no melodic
time delay has to be defined. Furthermore, in the melodic interval test, an
additional component comes into play: The participant must keep the reference
tone in mind until the second note is played. However, since relative pitch
recognition also implies melodic intervals, and the main distinction between
absolute and relative pitch is the presence of a reference tone, I prefer to
use a separate distinguished reference tone for the test.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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In addition to the pitch discrimination precision, the
maximum time used to answer is also measured.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The result of the relative pitch test is expressed in cents as
the amount of deviation you are still able to recognize.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">The test procedure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #141414; mso-bidi-font-family: "Verdana Italic"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">To avoid side effects, the test should
use (pure) sinus waves. In addition, pitch distance deviations should be
created by calculating the appropriate frequencies. Human interactions would
not be precise enough. Therefore the test can only be performed using a
computer. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The test procedure is as follows: </div>
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</div>
<ol>
<li>The person who wants to test her
or his ability choses a frequency range (three or four octaves ) and a
starting pitch deviation (from 1,200 downto 7 cents) to be tested.</li>
<li>The computer plays a random
reference tone.</li>
<li>After a short pause the computer
plays a tone that must be identified, whereby the tone to identify is multiple
times the chosen pitch deviation away from the reference tone.</li>
<li>The candidate has to select the
correct tone in a grid.</li>
<li>If the candidate selects the
correct tone, then the test continues with another tone to identify. No new
reference tone is played. The last heard tone is the new reference tone.</li>
<li>If the candidate selects a wrong
answer, then the selected tone is played followed by the correct tone, and the
candidate is given one more chance to pass the test. If he/she fails a second
time the test is finished and the relative pitch indicator is calculated.</li>
<li>If the candidate does not answer
within six seconds, then this is recorded as a wrong answer.</li>
<li>After ten tones have been tested,
the test continues with a smaller pitch distance deviation.</li>
<li>The test ends when you make your
second error, or when you have passed the test with a pitch deviation of 7
cents.</li>
</ol>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #141414; mso-bidi-font-family: "Verdana Italic";">Since a general pitch distance test has to go beyond half-steps
and must be independent of any music system, building such a system based on the Western
equal-tempered system does not seem like the ideal solution. However, we can
still use equal-tempered frequencies as base reference points and conduct
arbitrary-distance tests from these points. Using equal-tempered frequencies as
starting points does not really limit our measuring quality, as we can still
measure pitch distances outside of the equal-tempered interval system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #141414; mso-bidi-font-family: "Verdana Italic";">Thus, my proposal is to use a pitch grid based on the
equal-tempered system. We can measure pitch distances beyond the precision of
half-steps by making the grid resolution finer. If we also use reference tones
that deviate from the equal-tempered frequencies by the amount of a grid
resolution, the test will be generalized enough to confirm pitch distance
recognition independent of the equal-tempered system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Next steps<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Please let me know what you think about my proposed relative
pitch indicator/relative pitch meter. Do you know of any other approaches for
measuring relative pitch that also allow for measuring the sense of relative pitch
in non-musicians? Also, do you have ideas for improvements?<o:p></o:p></div>
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PitchFeedbackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09869949001979826232noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2622377600923911555.post-58423460130738728272018-11-04T22:16:00.001-08:002018-11-25T23:16:36.898-08:00Absolute Pitch Indicator<span style="font-size: 16pt;">Building an absolute pitch meter</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 16pt;">Introduction</span><br />
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Wikipedia shows the following definition for the term
<i>absolute pitch</i>:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #1a1a1a;"><br /></span><span style="color: #1a1a1a;">"Generally,
absolute pitch implies some or all of the following abilities, achieved without
a reference tone:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Identify by name individual
pitches (e.g. F</span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">♯</span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, A, G, C)
played on various instruments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Name the key of a given piece of tonal music.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Reproduce a piece of tonal music in the correct key days after
hearing it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Identify and name all the tones of a given chord or other tonal
mass.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Accurately sing a named pitch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Name the pitches of common everyday sounds such as car horns and
alarms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Name the frequency of a pitch (e.g. that G</span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">♯</span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">4 is 415Hz) after hearing it."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unfortunately, the definition “some or all” is confusing and
leaves room for interpretation. A simpler definition given at the beginning of
the Wikipedia article says "<span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Absolute pitch</span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"> (AP), widely referred to
as <i>perfect pitch</i>,
is a rare auditory phenomenon characterized by the ability of a person to
identify or recreate a given musical note without the benefit of a reference
tone." This sentence is also ambiguous since it also contains an "or."</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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This ambiguity makes it very difficult – if not impossible –
to answer this question with a "Yes, you have it" or "No, you don’t have it." <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #2e2e2e; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">This </span><span style="color: #242424; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">si</span><span style="color: #1b1b1b; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">tuati</span><span style="color: #131313; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">on </span><span style="color: #0b0b0b; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">is</span><span style="color: #2e2e2e; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> aggravated </span><span style="color: #0b0b0b; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">by</span><span style="color: #131313; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> the fact t</span><span style="color: #1b1b1b; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">hat </span>the Wikipedia’s definition
is not precise and no other official definition exists. For example, an individual might
be able to recognize notes in a very limited range or is capable of naming
simple chords, yet may fail to identify very complex chord names because
of the lack of knowledge in music theory. Or, how much time is allowed for recognizing a note or a chord name? Must the answer be given within a second, or is figuring it out in
a minute still accepted to count as an absolute pitch possessor?<o:p></o:p></div>
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On the other hand, how important is it to know if you have
absolute pitch or not?<o:p></o:p></div>
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Of course, having the ability to identify absolute pitches is fascinating.
However, music lives from change. That is, pitch changes relative to other
notes. Absolute pitch associates a name to a particular frequency, thus is
isolated. Creating harmony in music involves relations to other notes.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Being able to recognize notes, intervals, chords, and keys
requires knowledge of the underlying musical system. Detecting keys or chords
requires several notes; detecting intervals requires two notes. These notes are
then set in relation to each other. The underlying music system assigns these
constellations interval names, chord names, or a key name. Therefore, these
abilities have more to do with music theory and relative pitch skills than with
absolute pitch abilities.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This is also the main reason why it is generally accepted
that relative pitch is more important than absolute pitch. Many well-known
musicians did not have absolute pitch. Or maybe they just did not care about
it because harmony in music is always relative, and absolute pitch frequencies
are irrelevant for that matter.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Why, then, should we have an Absolute Pitch
indicator?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The only reason I can think of is to have a musical goal. Ear
training is an important aspect for any music student. There are our ears with
which we can judge if we are in tune with others or not. If we are playing
a solo, the ability to keep a fundamental note over a longer period in
our mind is a useful skill: it prevents us from drifting off the key.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Not having a single, continuous indicator for absolute pitch
makes it difficult to bring absolute pitch in line with a training program. The
road to absolute pitch may be long, and only a "Yes, you have it" or "No,
you don’t have it" answer does not leave room for a step-by-step progress.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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To make gradual progress, we need better feedback. We can
break up the Wikipedia criteria for absolute pitch in separate tasks and
measure progress in each category. However, we still have to guess our progress
toward absolute pitch. More importantly, how do we measure the criterion: "identify
a pitch without a reference tone"?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The main problem here is "without a reference tone." If we
are given a reference pitch and then listen to a piece of music, chances are that we still can remember the reference tone after the piece has finished.
This is because we stay in a musical context. Therefore, we would solve absolute
pitch questions after the piece has finished still through relative pitch
skills. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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To overcome this problem, we need to define a musical
absence time, before we can answer absolute pitch questions. Tests have shown
that after a quarter of an hour of musical absence, in most cases, the reference
tone has vanished – is no longer accessible through our short-term memory. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Now, this restriction of a mandatory musical absence makes
it nearly impossible to develop a test for testing the absolute pitch skill
“recognizing a pitch without a reference tone” <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Even so, we have good possibilities for measuring the other
criteria for absolute pitch; we are still missing a method for measuring pitch
retention abilities. Since “without a reference tone” is where people have most
difficulties, the task of an absolute pitch indicator will be providing a pitch
retention metric. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Directly measuring retention abilities is difficult since
any test taken will interrupt the retention process. Thus, you would have to
start measuring with a very large time, and if you fail then you
would have to restart the test with a decreased time period until a successful
feedback is generated. Such a test would be very long and therefore unpractical.<o:p></o:p></div>
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However, we can speed
up this measurement if we can measure how pitch retention deteriorated during
a specified time. To develop a continuous indicator, we must depart from the
idea that we can only measure absolute pitch ability without a reference tone, if that "without" means a musical absence of fifteen minutes
or more. By testing at lower time periods, we can get a picture of pitch
retention deterioration.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Measuring how long you can retain a pitch with precision
will complete a musical test. Being able to retain a pitch for a longer time has many positive implications on musicality. Therefore, an absolute
pitch indicator still has its justification in a musical evaluation process.
Trying to improve this indicator is a valid musical goal, even if we do not
achieve absolute pitch as defined by Wikipedia.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Idea and development<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In Wikipedia, the term <i>perfect
pitch</i> is redirected to <i>absolute pitch</i>.
This bringing together of the two terms is unfortunate. <i>Perfect</i> suggests that no errors are allowed. <i>Perfect pitch</i> implies many other abilities
that are related to pitch. This implication has led to the definition of <i>absolute pitch</i> that there is no simple
way of testing this ability. As a consequence, numerous rumors about <i>absolute pitch</i> have emerged. The biggest
rumor is that you cannot acquire it: you must be born with absolute pitch. <o:p></o:p><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt;">Since the requirements are not clearly defined,
some people will not accept progress towards absolute pitch and will speak of
pseudo absolute pitch, if for example; someone learns to identify pitches after
singing a reference tone. They argue: It takes too long: it must be immediate. It
must be magic. Unfortunately, this "Yes" or "No”"view is not helping people to
see absolute pitch as a goal worth pursuing. Accepting imperfection and using a
continuous indicator could make absolute pitch training a challenge and lead to
a better ear.</span><br />
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The assumption that absolute pitch can be
learned like foreign languages has led to the development of the program Listening Ear Trainer. Both absolute pitch and foreign languages use voice to express
an idea. Both rely on retaining sound patterns in memory for references and
analyses. Therefore, it stands to reason that absolute pitch can be learned the
same way foreign languages can. The product <a href="http://www.listening-ear-trainer.com/" target="_blank">Listening-Ear-Trainer </a>(March
2013) introduced the learning box—used for vocabulary training—for learning
absolute pitches. Keeping an eye on the precise pitch (singing) reproduction improves the retention skills and confidence in your musical discrimination
ability.<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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Since no silence period between exercises in Listening-Ear-Trainer is mandatory, the training is not really for absolute but
relative pitch. Therefore, in August 2015, I released the program <a href="http://www.tunecrack.com/" target="_blank">TuneCrack</a>. A
direct application of keeping a pitch in mind is during the tuning process of
an instrument. Therefore the idea was: Cracking the tuning problem by giving
people a training program to increase their pitch retention skills.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The program TuneCrack recommends internalizing a pitch by
taking it over to your voice. However, singing is not mandatory since only the
precision-identifying ability is tested. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Since I believe that singing is the closest way you can get to
music, I searched for a method to get a reliable way of measuring what I think
is the most important criterion of absolute pitch: <span style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">accurately sing a named pitch without a reference</span>
tone. This criterion includes singing and accurate pitch retention. The result
was the introduction of the program <a href="http://www.samepitchplease.com/" target="_blank">SamePitchPlease</a> (May 2016).<o:p></o:p></div>
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To improve the pitch retention training, the programs TuneCrack and SamePitchPlease introduced a silence period. However, these
two programs are training programs that guide you through incremental exercises
to better performance. If we want a tool that measures an individual’s absolute pitch
ability in a more general way, then we have to build an absolute pitch
meter that can be evaluated through a single test.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Restricting the program SamePitchPlease to four notes and a
25-cent deviation led to the <a href="http://www.pitch-ability-test.com/" target="_blank">Pitch Ability Test</a> (November 2016), which returns an indicator on the pitch retention and reproduction ability. Both
abilities are required for absolute pitch; therefore, the indicator can be used
as a continuous measure for absolute pitch instead of only a "Yes, you have
it" or "No, you don’t have it" answer.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Defining the test and metrics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The Pitch Ability Test defines the ability to reproduce a
given pitch after a specified time period within a frequency precision of 25
cents as the measure. Thus, the Pitch Ability Test fixes the note accuracy for
the reproduction and uses only the time as an indicator.<o:p></o:p></div>
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As with any test, the more precise a result should be, the
more time is needed to determine the result. Therefore, a careful selection
between time and accuracy should be considered. In the Pitch Ability Test, a
decision to keep a single evaluation below 20 minutes was made. This limits the
number of tones that can be tested during that time frame. Since the test
should also prove that you can locate non-tested tones over a larger range, the
test requires four different notes. Having four notes as fixed points ensures that
you can orientate yourself by building distances between the tested notes and the directions: up or down. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The restriction of keeping a single test below 20 minutes
leads to a maximum of 4 minutes for each note. That is, the best result you can
get for the Pitch Ability Test is 4 minutes. While longer times can be easily
measured, increasing the time does not make sense. Most people will have
difficulty reaching this 4-minute limit—without training anyway. However, to
make it clear that you have reached this 4-minute limit, and probably can
reproduce pitches way beyond this point, the 4-minute point has a special name:
Felix’s Pitch Point. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The result of the Pitch Ability Test is the silence time
between the sounding of the reference sound and the accurate reproduction of
the pitch with your voice. Pitch ability is expressed in seconds. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">The test procedure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The requirements for administering the test are a stopwatch
and a person with a good ear. This person does not need to have
absolute pitch. Playing the correct note on an instrument and comparing the
pitch with the sung note can evaluate accuracy. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-D5Kp_nqBNbs/W9_foUSAGsI/AAAAAAAAAJk/d0ShEbFGpAwReQcGuMfZAUIpcFlo8uAmQCLcBGAs/s1600/SamePitchPleaseForcedSilenceReduced.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="811" data-original-width="1600" height="323" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-D5Kp_nqBNbs/W9_foUSAGsI/AAAAAAAAAJk/d0ShEbFGpAwReQcGuMfZAUIpcFlo8uAmQCLcBGAs/s640/SamePitchPleaseForcedSilenceReduced.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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The test procedure is as follows: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
</div>
<ol>
<li>The person who wants to test his or her ability tells the tester four different notes that he or she thinks he or
she can sing well and announces the period of silence for which he or she
wants to take the test.</li>
<li>The tester plays the first note
for about two seconds.</li>
<li>The tester starts the stopwatch.</li>
<li>The person taking the test is
allowed to sing back the note immediately for about two seconds. No feedback is
given.</li>
<li>The tester monitors whether no
pitched sounds can be heard during the following period of silence.</li>
<li>About five seconds before the
announced test time is due, the tester signals to the candidate (with a visual
sign or non-pitched sound) that he or she should prepare for the singing back
of the note.</li>
<li>When the time is due, the candidate
should sing the note steadily for about a second. The tester listens carefully,
compares the sung pitch with the original pitch, and decides whether the pitch
did not deviate more than 25 cents from the original pitch.</li>
<li>The tester repeats steps 2 to 7
for the remaining three notes.</li>
<li>If the candidate succeeds with
all four notes, then he or she has fulfilled the Pitch Ability Test for the
chosen period of silence.</li>
</ol>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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To determine pitch ability, the test uses an unconventional
approach: the retention time gets measured in a similar way as the height in
high-jump sports gets measured. This approach allows you to measure the
retention time of the pitch with enough precision. If you select a low-enough
time, you will always pass. If you come to your limits, the results will start
to vary. Reaching Felix’s Pitch Point is not easy, but to acquire absolute pitch
(or perfect pitch), you must pass this point. Therefore, the Pitch Ability Test
is a useful tool for giving you feedback on where you stand on the road to absolute
pitch. Most people who want to acquire absolute pitch are far away from Felix’s
Pitch Point; thus, they can improve their ability.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">A computer-based
implementation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Since the wait—until you are allowed to reproduce the pitch—is
very boring for the tester and the determination of the pitch accuracy is often
non-neutral, a computer-based implementation of the procedure was made. The
program Pitch Ability Test executes the above-described procedure and
automatically suggests that you take a test for a higher time limit if you
passed all four notes. This procedure is similar to that in high-jump sports,
where you set your targeted goal and continue until you fail. Therefore, you
should select your silence period with care. Starting with a very short period
may fatigue and hinder you from reaching your best performance. Starting with a
very long period poses the risk of getting no result at all.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Next steps<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Please let me know what you think about my proposed absolute
pitch indicator/absolute pitch meter. Do you know other approaches for
measuring absolute pitch? Or do you have ideas for improvements?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->PitchFeedbackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09869949001979826232noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2622377600923911555.post-74728825529943092022018-09-11T12:33:00.000-07:002018-11-25T23:19:07.819-08:00Measuring Relative Pitch Abilities<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Same
Pitch, Please<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In the last blog post, I wrote about demystifying perfect
pitch (or absolute pitch). Instead of fighting for or against myths about
perfect pitch, I proposed a scientific way to measure one’s achievement toward perfect pitch. The post reduced the scope and focused only on one aspect of perfect
pitch: the ability to produce a desired pitch without a reference tone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">While this is probably the most important aspect of
perfect pitch – conceptualizing a tone with your “inner ear” – the proposed
measurement method is no indicator of your musicality, nor is the possession
of absolute pitch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Musicality is based on harmony. Harmony can only
exist if the tones relative to each other are in a harmonic relationship. Therefore,
I emphasize the importance of relative pitch. Here's my standard example: if an old
organ in a church is not tuned to equal-tempered frequencies, then you must
adapt to this situation, since you cannot retune the old organ. Equal-tempered
frequencies have no relevance in this situation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">So, absolute pitch is more or less useless, except for
giving you anchor pitches. But, then, why is it so common in musicality
discussions? Because it means that you can hear a melody with your “inner ear”
simply by reading sheet music. Here, “inner ear” is the key word as well as the reason why I have developed the program SamePitchPlease. SamePitchPlease
is a training program that focuses on this very aspect: conceptualizing a tone
with your “inner ear.” So, the main goal of SamePitchPlease has more to do with
keeping a reference tone in mind than with acquiring absolute pitch. To help improve
your musicality, SamePitchPlease assists you with finding the reference tones you can
remember best and challenges your pitch memory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--G8eDuNEhm0/W5gWgtq_uDI/AAAAAAAAAI8/7HWmw2QQE2I04cUcLSlL_C7Z3KR8i9n9QCLcBGAs/s1600/SamePitchPleaseForcedSilenceReduced.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="811" data-original-width="1600" height="323" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--G8eDuNEhm0/W5gWgtq_uDI/AAAAAAAAAI8/7HWmw2QQE2I04cUcLSlL_C7Z3KR8i9n9QCLcBGAs/s640/SamePitchPleaseForcedSilenceReduced.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Picture: Measuring pitch memory with a forced silence
period.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">SamePitchPlease measures deviations from the reference
tone after a specified silence period. Deviations are always relative to a
reference. But this use of "relative pitch" has almost nothing to do with the term "relative pitch" as used in music. Relative pitch in music refers to identifying the
interval between two notes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Relative
Pitch Distances<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Having found a way to measure the most important
aspect of absolute pitch ability, this post now looks at relative pitch. Can we
find a similar way to measure the much more important </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">ability of</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> relative pitch?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Easy! In a test, just present some intervals and
calculate the percentage of correct answers. Is such a percentage score useful? Of course, if this percentage increases in later tests, then you know you've made
progress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">But, we could have done the same for absolute pitch
tests. If, in an absolute pitch test, the percentage of correct notes identified
increases compared to the previous test, then you've made progress. So, I could have
stopped researching the subject. However, since a mere percentage score does not
really help you make systematic progress, I tried to investigate the core ability
needed for absolute pitch: pitch memory. Measuring and giving feedback for this
quality allows for systematic progress by helping you find your current limit and
sense the critical shortcomings. Then, it aids you with finding the tones you can keep in mind for
the longest period of time. Try to figure out what sensations are responsible for
the tones you have success with over the longest period of time. Finally,
apply your findings to other tones.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The same is true for relative pitch tests. A general
test that assesses perfect, major, and minor intervals and assigns a percentage
score is not very helpful in improving your relative pitch identification
ability. To speed up progress, more detailed feedback is necessary.
Splitting up the test into categories for interval pairs, such as testing
minor second vs. major second, eases the learning progress. A step-by-step learning
approach is a far better method than trying to improve your ability through an
un-guided overall evaluation score. By undertaking such tests, you will find that some
interval pairs are more prone to confusion than others. One such a pair is the
perfect fourth and the perfect fifth. For this reason, I recommend first learning to differentiate the perfect fifth from the perfect fourth. See
my YouTube video: <a href="https://youtu.be/JSyEA1i1XIE" target="_blank">Absolute and Relative Pitch - Inside our Methods</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">At this point, our discussion is already deep into a musical
system, in this case the Western equal-tempered system. However, pitch ability is
independent of any specific system. So, what should we look for to define a
measurement for relative pitch ability?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Let's start with someone who possesses relative pitch.
A person with good relative pitch can identify all intervals in an octave
as well as spell interval names for compound intervals (= intervals larger than
an octave). That is, such a person can hear pitch distances to the precision of one
half-step. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Now, in real life, there are slides and bends that do not start or end on an equal-tempered frequency. Yet, a person with very good
relative pitch ability can nonetheless name such deviations. Naturally, a
person that can recognize pitch distances beyond half-steps should be given a
better grade.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">So, to assess someone’s relative pitch ability, we can
measure their pitch-distance recognition accuracy. Pitch-distance accuracy is
independent of a music system. The Western music system introduced the term "cents" to describe pitch distances. In the equal-tempered system, the octave is divided
into 12 half-steps, and each half-step has a distance of 100 cents from one note to
the next. All music systems know the octave as a divider for the pitch room.
Therefore, for scientific calculations, we can use this unit in all music
systems to name pitch distances. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Microtonality and Larger Intervals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Wikipedia defines micro tonality as follows: "</span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 14.0pt;">Microtonal music</span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 14.0pt;"> or <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">microtonality</span>
is the use in music of microtones—intervals smaller than a semitone, also
called 'microintervals'. </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">" (</span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 14.0pt;">A semitone
equals one half-step.)</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Picture: Microtonality expressed with a grid
resolution of 33 cents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">With microtonality we can describe deviations from standard interval
distances. Since the measurement of pitch distances in cents
is universal, larger distances than half-steps can also be expressed in cents. For
example, a whole step has a distance of 200 cents. This universality lets us
describe and measure the main aspect of relative pitch: the ability to
discriminate pitch distances. People who do not possess relative pitch may
fail to identify pitch distances by a half-step, a whole step, or even
more. People who can, during tests, identify pitch distances within a whole step do not possess a good sense of relative pitch. However, they are still better than people
that miss the pitch-distance estimation by three or more half-steps.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Thus, we can grade relative pitch ability through one's pitch-distance-discrimination ability. Measuring this ability and receiving feedback can therefore help improve your ability.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The Pitch Grid Test uses this measuring approach and starts by testing whether one can discriminate large pitch distances. The first
test starts with a pitch distance of an octave. With a little training,
everybody should pass this test. In this way, everybody gets an initial score. From
there, the test continues with smaller interval distances: six half-steps, three half-steps, two half-steps, and finally, one half-step. But the test does not stop
when it reaches a half-step. By making the resolution even finer than a half-step, we
can grade </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">even </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">relative pitch possessors. Thus, the test verifies one’s relative
pitch ability and illustrates the path for improvement.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
Program PitchBlitz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Since relative pitch also includes compound intervals
– that is, intervals that are larger than an octave – beginners face difficulties if the test is conducted with a range of several octaves. Large pitch
distances increase the probability of errors for small-distance deviations. Using
the analogy of measuring the physical distances of two points, we can say that measuring
a distance with a precision of one millimeter is much easier if the
distance is less than one meter; for distances above a kilometre, such precision can
only be reached with advanced technology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Applying this knowledge to pitch-distance learning
gave rise to the development of the program PitchBlitz.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The program PitchBlitz, allows you to narrow down the
tested range by letting you select the octave(s) you want to train.
Additionally, PitchBlitz also offers other options. For example, people often
try to solve relative pitch problems with absolute pitch skills. Since they
usually don't possess absolute pitch, it turns into more of a guessing game. Let me
explain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Because you hear the note to identify after the
reference tone, many people think they can forget about the reference tone and
simply build the answer from the last tone they heard. They ignore the
information of the reference tone. Since the Pitch Grid Test presents the notes
in a grid, this layout can easily be misinterpreted as an invitation to select
the note to identify through absolute pitch skills. Therefore, the training program
PitchBlitz has an option that forces you to focus on distances: you must select
a distance instead of a note in the grid. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The grid layout was chosen because the basic idea
behind measuring pitch distances is to increase the distance precision beyond a
half-step. The finer the resolution, the greater detail that can be observed.
Making the grid resolution coarser gets less experienced users on board. In
this way, the grid resolution can be used as a universal tool for measuring pitch-distance recognition ability.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The goal of improving one’s sense of relative pitch is to
automate interval recognition. If you want to automate something, speed is
everything. Therefore, the Pitch Grid Test evaluates your answering speed. By
incorporating answer speed into the score, the evaluation lets you also see your progress in speed. In this way, you can observe small progress.
That's why the training program was named PitchBlitz.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;">The term “having a good relative ear” is not very
precise. To improve an ability, you need better feedback: feedback
that measures your current standing. The measurement of pitch-distance recognition
ability is independent of a music system. Therefore, the measurement does not
stop at the distance of a half-step. And if you haven’t reached the precision of a
half-step, the measurement shows you how far away you are from that goal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A general test to measure one’s distance-hearing
ability requires some time. However, you cannot compare this effort to a loudness
and frequency-response measurement. Pitch-distance recognition is not limited
by physical circumstances. Assuming you can hear all the tones between C2 and C6, it
is a mental ability and </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">can </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">therefore be trained and improved. If the feedback
you get from the test is precise and informative, it can be directly used
to improve your ability.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The presented Pitch Grid Test and the related training
program PitchBlitz are based on a grid that has its roots in the equal-tempered
system. Despite looking like an absolute pitch test, it is a relative
pitch test and is independent of a music system. The universally usable unit of “cents” is used to measure pitch-distance recognition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Especially for beginners, the possibility to see the progress of one’s
pitch-distance hearing ability is a motivation to continue ear training. The test offers beginners having difficulty getting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>started with
interval identification simple-to-understand feedback. Even low-precision detection ability can be assessed. And, with training, you can observe
even slight progress (fewer errors, faster answer times, using forced distance
naming, etc.).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The confidence-building is further supported by
neutral feedback from a computer, which eliminates the need for a second person,
and means errors during the journey to success are allowed without other personal
involvement. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Feedback is the only way to improve your abilities. Reaching
a precision of a half-step reflects a high grade, but it also lets you know you
can improve beyond this mark.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">For more information visit <a href="http://www.pitch-ability.com/">http://www.pitch-ability.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Please leave feedback and let me know what you
think about this proposal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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PitchFeedbackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09869949001979826232noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2622377600923911555.post-16863813123626109602016-11-16T04:07:00.000-08:002018-11-25T23:19:24.240-08:00Transition from aural to mental pitch control<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Demystifying Perfect Pitch </span><u style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In an attempt to demystify the term perfect pitch, or
absolute pitch, a scientific basis must be established. One of the criteria for
absolute pitch is </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "geneva"; font-size: 13.0pt;">accurately singing a
named note without a reference. </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Since this is the criterion that
people typically find most difficult to achieve on the road to perfect pitch,
it deserves a closer look.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">First, singing is required. Since perfect pitch
requires this ability, any scientific approach should include the production of
pitch by voice. The question is how accurate?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Second, the term “without a reference” implies the
time. To be able to identify a pitch by its name, you must have heard a
reference sound before. The question is how long before?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">If we want to make a scientific statement, it must be
measurable and reproducible. Combining the above two points, we have to fix one
point, so we can gradually measure the other.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Measuring abilities is always subject to uncertainty,
since the person being tested is always subject to his or her current
productivity. Therefore, repeatedly testing and basing the results on
statistical analysis is a common approach.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Introducing the Pitch Ability Test</span><span style="font-size: medium; text-decoration: underline;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">To allow the test to return a single indicator for the
ability, the test uses for the first criterion a fixed accuracy and uses the
second criterion to evaluate the ability in seconds. The test measures the time
in a similar way as the height in high-jump sports gets measured. This method
seems unconventional, but it allows you to measure the retention time of pitch
with enough precision. If you select a low enough time, you will always pass;
if you come to your limits, the results will start to vary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The most important point of the test is that it
measures your transition from aural to mental pitch control. Since the test
requires a silent period, you must have stored the pitch mentally. Taking over
a pitch while you hear it is usually done aurally. That is, you control the
pitch aurally. However, after a period of silence, you are forced to produce
the sound mentally from memory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The term “without a reference” is usually interpreted
as eternal. However, in a test we don’t have unlimited time. Therefore, the
test proposes Felix’s Pitch Point as an upper limit for the test. Felix’s Pitch
Point is set at 4 minutes. Four minutes is enough to prove that the transition
to mental pitch control has taken place. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Taking into account the above discussion, I have
developed The Pitch Ability Test. The test is free and can be downloaded for
Windows and Macintosh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Interpreting the test
results</span><u style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></u></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The test tells you, scientifically, where you stand on
the road to absolute pitch based on the criteria “Accurately sing a named note
without a reference”. With this test, you can estimate the necessary effort needed
to improve your absolute pitch ability. Since relative pitch is much more
important than absolute pitch, the test also should facilitate the decision
whether trying to attain perfect pitch is worth the effort. In other words, should
you spend some time doing absolute pitch training but keep the bulk of the time
for other musical activities? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">For more information visit: <a href="http://www.pitch-ability-test.com/">http://www.pitch-ability-test.com</a>
or watch the introductory video on <a href="http://youtu.be/NVWVuoiQsOc">https://youtu.be/6v6GmnTHGds</a>
.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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PitchFeedbackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09869949001979826232noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2622377600923911555.post-29011676080324896822016-06-11T03:20:00.001-07:002018-11-25T23:20:11.017-08:00A Scientific Approach to Acquiring Absolute Pitch<h2>
<b>Absolute Pitch as a Goal</b></h2>
Absolute pitch (or perfect pitch) is often seen as the ultimate ability for a musician. Many great musicians have absolute pitch.<br />
<br />
But can absolute pitch be used to measure your musicianship? Barely. The answer to the question—you have it or you don’t have it—does not say a lot about your abilities. We also know that only a small percentage of the population has it. Absolute pitch covers a broad range of musical abilities, and for this reason, it is better to individually test each subject. This gives a much better picture about musical abilities.<br />
<br />
Therefore, absolute pitch in its current, complex definition is not a useful goal.<br />
<br />
<h2>
<b>Picking the most relevant aspects of Absolute Pitch</b></h2>
If we pick out just one aspect of absolute pitch, we can, of course, no longer speak of absolute pitch. However, looking at the different required abilities, one seems to stand out: the ability to accurately sing a named pitch without a reference sound. Since this ability also implies knowledge of music notation and the ability to hear deviations from a target pitch, it can be seen as the basic building block to acquire absolute pitch.<br />
<br />
However, to my knowledge, there is no available test for the ability to reproduce a pitch with a predefined precision after a set time period, which is the main ability of absolute pitch. Now, absolute pitch is not time bound, but it is assumed that you can name the pitch of a sound without a reference sound.<br />
<br />
This assumption is wrong. You must have heard a reference sound at least once before you can assign it a name. So the time may be years since you heard the reference sound, and the reference pitch may have been refreshed and become more precisely defined over the years, but it still holds true: you must remember a previously heard reference pitch. Many other things that we have experienced only once we can also remember as if they happened yesterday. But this does not exclude time as a factor. The incorrect assumption that absolute pitch is not time bound is also probably the reason why no such test exists.<br />
<br />
<h2>
<b>Developing a test procedure</b> </h2>
Another reason why no such test exists is that you cannot directly measure the point of failure. Most exams include a maximum time limit you are allowed to answer a question. But to test how long you can accurately remember a pitch, we must figure out the minimum time limit before you start failing the test. This makes it difficult to determine an upper time limit: How can we find the maximum of a minimum we can reach?<br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hClle_kxooA/V1vjhBC6rQI/AAAAAAAAAG8/VD5pSgtybHs84phLCebho9nCVMAbYtp_wCK4B/s1600/SPPDocYourAbsolutePitchAbility800.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hClle_kxooA/V1vjhBC6rQI/AAAAAAAAAG8/VD5pSgtybHs84phLCebho9nCVMAbYtp_wCK4B/s640/SPPDocYourAbsolutePitchAbility800.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
Sports have similar challenges. For example, in the high jump, athletes can set their own minimum that they can pass, which solves the problem. If the athlete passes the set mark, then he can set a higher mark until he fails. It makes sense to set your minimum mark very close to your best achievements, since setting the level too low will make you tired until you come to your challenging point, and you may then miss your own best mark.<br />
<br />
To determine our absolute-pitch ability, we can use a similar approach. However, since absolute pitch is defined for an eternal time period, we cannot measure this ability for people who already have absolute pitch.<br />
<br />
<h2>
<b>Introducing Felix’s Pitch Point</b> </h2>
We can define a point that we think is close enough to be accepted as a reference point for the ability to count as “eternal.” In this way, we have defined Felix’s Pitch Point as the ability to reproduce four pitches correctly after a four-minute period of silence.<br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JGkx7iixoMI/V1vjqaKU3nI/AAAAAAAAAHE/NCaw-ibwut8TWM9UC-0lO1HS0t-aoItUQCK4B/s1600/PitchAbilityTestIcon600.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JGkx7iixoMI/V1vjqaKU3nI/AAAAAAAAAHE/NCaw-ibwut8TWM9UC-0lO1HS0t-aoItUQCK4B/s320/PitchAbilityTestIcon600.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
Since the described procedure can be reproduced under defined conditions, a scientific measurement is possible. The Pitch Ability Test allows the measurement from seconds to eternity; however, measurements after Felix’s Pitch Point are not very interesting, since they would require too much time. Felix’s Pitch Point was chosen to be four minutes and four different pitches so that the test can be done within twenty minutes.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, with this scientific approach, you can express your absolute-pitch ability as a simple number: the number of seconds in a period of silence after which you can correctly reproduce four freely selectable pitches.<br />
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<h2>
<b>The Pitch Ability Method</b></h2>
Taking and passing exams is only one point in your career. The more interesting point is the acquisition phase of a skill. Instead of just repeatedly doing tests, it is better to have a guided path towards your goal. Therefore, I have developed the Pitch Ability Method, which allows you to directly monitor your progress towards the main ability of absolute pitch: the ability to reproduce a pitch with predefined precision after a set time period.<br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FRwwZ3CVCqY/V1vkkikn5gI/AAAAAAAAAHQ/CECZp7VqwR0wJx1PtfElu6EqPasQR0mNQCK4B/s1600/SPPDocTheHandleForMeasuring800.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FRwwZ3CVCqY/V1vkkikn5gI/AAAAAAAAAHQ/CECZp7VqwR0wJx1PtfElu6EqPasQR0mNQCK4B/s640/SPPDocTheHandleForMeasuring800.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
The method requires that you actively sing or hum pitches. Since it is not easy to know which pitches you can remember and reproduce best, the method starts with eight freely selectable notes. Singers will find it easy to sing back a note in their range. To make sure that you really hit the pitch of a note, the method in the next step narrows the required precision from 50 cents to 33 cents to 25 cents. After mastering the precision, the interval of silence between the reference tone and your reproduction of the pitch is increased by 1.5 seconds, allowing you again a precision tolerance of 50 cents. This ensures that you recognize a loss in your remembering precision. This process continues until the interval of silence is 15 seconds. After that, the program will abandon the note that you are the worst at reproducing. Of the eight selected notes, only seven will be tested further. When the period of silence reaches 30 seconds, another note will be abandoned, and so on, until only one note is left after two minutes.<br />
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Felix’s Pitch Point is defined for four notes, but it makes sense during the training phase to continue with only one note. Usually you automatically develop a sense for relative pitch. Therefore, concentrating on the note you can remember and reproduce best helps you to progress faster. The generalization to the other notes will be faster and therefore more efficient than if you practiced all four notes during training.<br />
<br />
When a period of four minutes of silence is reached, the program starts to add back your second-best note, then your third-best note, and so on. Note that after adding the fifth note, the test time is more than the proposed twenty minutes: 5 notes × 4 minutes = 20 minutes (+ listening and feedback time). And therefore lies beyond Felix's Pitch Point that is defined by four minutes silence between the reference pitch and the test. Absolute pitch abilities before and after this point are expressed in seconds as your Personal Perfect Pitch Point. The program SamePitchPlease lets you measure your Personal Perfect Pitch Point up to 20 minutes. However, the exercises after Felix's Pitch Point are only here, for your convenience. They allow you to test that you can remember a pitch correctly after Felix’s Pitch Point. Keep in mind that this is boring, and does not help you much to improve your musical skills, since a song is seldom longer than four minutes (that means, there is no advantage in keeping the tonic of a piece in your mind after it has ended (except if you want to write it down when you came home)).<br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ebxaDp01g3g/V1vkze1wobI/AAAAAAAAAHc/lCzc8bHP4bI4jISIqkdAJNYZHN-zyGxYgCK4B/s1600/InThisSampleTheMean800.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ebxaDp01g3g/V1vkze1wobI/AAAAAAAAAHc/lCzc8bHP4bI4jISIqkdAJNYZHN-zyGxYgCK4B/s640/InThisSampleTheMean800.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
In comparison to the test, the Pitch Ability Method will also give you pitch feedback. The first feedback follows immediately after the reference sound is played (see the deviation pitch curve above the training bar in the above picture). This allows you to control your vocal cord position so you can confidently learn to store the correct muscle positions in your short-term memory. The second feedback is given during the test after the period of silence (see the test in the above picture). With this feedback you get a chance to correct deviations from the target pitch. These corrections help you to better understand your memorizing process and to grasp the target pitch.<br />
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<h2>
<b>Science and Absolute Pitch</b> </h2>
Most articles about absolute pitch study the differences between people who have and people who don’t have absolute pitch, and they test groups (based on age and gender, whether they are instrumentalists or singers, etc.) and statistically evaluate the results. If the findings are statistically significant, this helps to better understand absolute pitch. However, the samples are often very small because absolute pitch is rare and has “super” requirements. In sports, the majority of people are not capable of running 100 meters in under ten seconds. It would not be useful to have only super-runners and non-super-runners. Just taking the time is easy and gives you direct feedback on where you stand.<br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZdQ92vDLqIc/V1vk9iF55DI/AAAAAAAAAHk/yq8S_Ji37UE4Xma3sox-QSW3HE75c65BQCK4B/s1600/SPPDocJustTakingTheTime800.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="338" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZdQ92vDLqIc/V1vk9iF55DI/AAAAAAAAAHk/yq8S_Ji37UE4Xma3sox-QSW3HE75c65BQCK4B/s640/SPPDocJustTakingTheTime800.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
So, what about a radically different approach to measure absolute pitch ability? Everybody has absolute pitch to a certain degree—yes, almost everyone can differentiate a C2 from a C6. However, that is far away from absolute pitch. But most people can improve with training. Why not just find out what normal people are capable of differentiating after minimal training? If we can do that, then we can find a training method that can effectively improve our absolute pitch ability.
<br />
<br />
In the above-described Pitch Ability Test, I think I have found a scientific way to make the most important aspect of absolute pitch measurable, and with the Pitch Ability Method, I think I have proposed a practicable way to train your absolute pitch ability. The Pitch Ability Test is much more useful than only knowing that you don’t have absolute pitch. The test also adds a new dimension to musicianship tests—your Personal Perfect Pitch Point achievement, which is the number of seconds you can keep and reproduce a pitch with a 25 cents mean precision, if you don’t reach Felix’s Pitch Point.<br />
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<br />
Please let me know your thoughts about the proposed Pitch Ability Test that is based on a period of silence and singing precision.<br />
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For more information, visit <a href="http://www.samepitchplease.com/">http://www.samepitchplease.com</a>.<br />
<br />
The pictures used in this post are taken from the video: “Pitch Ability Method - A Scientific Approach to Absolute Pitch” (<a href="https://youtu.be/ehp1QNqAzcs"><span style="font-family: inherit;">https://youtu.be/</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">ehp1QNqAzcs</span></a>). By watching the video you better understand the points they convey.<br />
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Please feel free to comment (no spam, please). Thank you.PitchFeedbackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09869949001979826232noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2622377600923911555.post-75067448521487161402015-09-13T05:47:00.000-07:002018-11-25T23:20:40.592-08:00What has Absolute Pitch to do with Tuning?<br />
<h2>
Tuning is a relative activity</h2>
Let’s make it clear: Tuning is a relative activity. You always tune your instrument relative to another reference sound. Or at least it is what you should do. To tune the instrument according to the equal-tempered frequencies is a too simple look. Old instruments (e. g. church organ) may not be tuned to that standard. Or high temperatures may change the frequencies of wind instruments. Therefore, if you accompany such an instrument, you must listen to the actual sound. If you want to play in harmony, you must tune your instrument accordingly to the actual sound, and not an equal tempered reference sound (e. g. pitch fork).<br />
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Unless a special effect is desired, the tuning should be as precise as possible. Meaning, there should be no deviations, or relative differences, between the pitch-frequencies of the two instruments. No deviation means zero deviation. Zero is an absolute number. Let’s see how this absolute number influences the tuning process.<br />
<h2>
The Tuning Process needs Time</h2>
Usually, there are deviations between two instruments. To adapt the pitch to a reference pitch, needs time. Unfortunately, if we do not have a perfect sound memory, we lose the reference sound in our mind. That is, we leave that zero deviation principle. Therefore after a certain time, we want to rehear the reference sound again.<br />
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If we have absolute pitch, then we don't need to rehear the sound, since we can recall the pitch from our memory. This is even true, if the reference pitch deviates from the equal-tempered pitches, since we can remember the nearest equal-tempered pitch and the deviation to that pitch. We can compare this to having a meter without a millimeter marking. We are still able to give an approximate millimeter distance by estimating the millimeters. Usually we do this by estimating a ratio, such as a half or quarter of a cm. The better ones, - those that are trained to read a meter -, will give estimations exact to approximately one twentieth of a cm. So, if you have absolute pitch, you will do the same to remember pitches between equal-tempered pitches.<br />
<h2>
Combining relative activity and time in the tuning process</h2>
If we now combine the skills of tuning and the time before we have to rehear the pitch, then we can compare the tuning process with absolute pitch. There are two dimension:<br />
<ol>
<li>Pitch precision</li>
<li>Time before we have to rehear the pitch</li>
</ol>
Pitch precision can be measured in cents. A deviation of zero cents is desired. We need this for tuning as well as for absolute pitch.<br />
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The time before we have to rehear the pitch can be measured in seconds. It is the time within which you can still tune the instrument accurately before you have to rehear the reference pitch again.<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZKdoZHsor5A/VfVvEPsbRmI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/P6IgoGVSFNY/s1600/TCRDocWeCallThisYourPersonalAbsolute.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="409" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZKdoZHsor5A/VfVvEPsbRmI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/P6IgoGVSFNY/s640/TCRDocWeCallThisYourPersonalAbsolute.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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The time during which you can remember the reference sound still better than a deviation of fifty cents, we call: your Absolute Pitch Point. Yes, you can claim absolute pitch during that period. And yes it is relative to a heard pitch. But equal-tempered pitches are just pitches, therefore absolute pitch is relative to predefined pitches. In this way to claim absolute pitch independent of a time period, you must stretch the time before you must rehear a reference pitch to more than a day.<br />
<h2>
Acquiring Absolute Pitch</h2>
A day is a very long time: you hear news, talk, listen to music, watch tv, dream, etc. But you don't really have to stretch the time to a day. What you must find is a mean to store a sound, in such a way, so that you can recall the sound from your memory, or "inner ear". By exploring your limits, your brain realizes what to look and concentrate for. If you can answer relative pitch questions correctly after 2 seconds have elapsed, then you can also do it for notes that are 3 seconds apart. Then also for notes 4 seconds apart and so on. No, Wait! That is not so easy! Correct, but on the borders you feel exactly what you have to concentrate on to keep the sound in your memory for a bit longer. Concentrating is hard work, and you become tired very fast. But knowing that it is possible, with some effort, allows you to set goals towards acquiring absolute pitch.<br />
<h2>
By becoming a tuning champion, chances are that you also achieve absolute pitch</h2>
Unlike some of our competitors, we don't warrant achieving absolute pitch. However, our products support you to reach that goal by giving feedback and tracking your progress.<br />
Whether you are interested in acquiring Absolute Pitch or not, tuning needs precision listening. Through ear training and our Precision Listening Method you can improve your listening skills. With our Pitch Keeper Method you can train to keep a sound in your memory for a longer time period. To be honest, our methods all set on an activity called: singing. But you don't need the voice of Luciano Pavarotti or Mariah Carey to improve your listening skills, just humming is a good start.Our feedback will give you control of your vocal cord muscles and confidence that you are on the right track.<br />
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For more information visit: <a href="http://www.tunecrack.com/">http://www.tunecrack.com</a><br />
<br />
Please, feel free to comment (no spam). Thank you.<br />
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PitchFeedbackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09869949001979826232noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2622377600923911555.post-30407905370443370482015-02-05T03:56:00.000-08:002015-02-05T03:56:00.290-08:00Why you are not born with Absolute Pitch: Absolute Pitch is a learned ability<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 21px;">What we mean by “born with” and “learned”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">For our purpose, we will take the following scientific approach that differentiates between innate behavior and learned behavior (from<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/ol_biology2/ultranet/InnateBehavior.html" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/ol_biology2/ultranet/InnateBehavior.html</span></span></a>):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">innate behavior</span></b><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;"> = behavior determined by the "hard-wiring" of the nervous system. It is usually inflexible, a given stimulus triggering a given response. A salamander raised away from water until long after its siblings begin swimming successfully will swim every bit as well as they the very first time it is placed in the water. Clearly this rather elaborate response is "built in" in the species and not something that must be acquired by practice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">learned behavior</span></b><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;"> = behavior that is more or less permanently altered as a result of the experience of the individual organism (e.g., learning to play baseball well).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt;">However, careful analysis often reveals that any particular behavior is a combination of innate and learned components.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16pt;">Consequences by this terminology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Since learned behavior is not "hard-wired" before the learning process, it must be stored somewhere for later retrieval. This store we usually call memory. Therefore the term memorization means learning something. In the case of absolute pitch the learning process consists of assigning frequency ranges to note names.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16pt;">Physical relationship<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">For pitch the external stimuli are the sound-waves. If the sound waves consist of a repeated pattern, then we can assign the length of the pattern a time in seconds: called the period T. The reciprocal of the period gives the frequency f (f=1/T).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16pt;">A well known learned association<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">To make it clear that this association, - a frequency to a note name -, is a learned pattern let's take colors. In this way we can avoid, the discussion about a "special“ ability, since everybody (with a few exceptions) is able to recognize/identify colors by their name. Thus everybody could claim to have perfect color recognition. Colors are electromagnetic frequency ranges assigned to color names.<span> </span>See table from Wikipedia “Spectral color”:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_term" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><b><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Color term</span></span></b></a><b>,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_source" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">light source</span></span></a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">dye</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Sample<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #0b2f9d; font-family: Helvetica;">[2]</span><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Wavelength</span></span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">nm</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Frequency</span></span></a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THz" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">THz</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Hue</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #0b2f9d; font-family: Helvetica;">[3]</span><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Comments<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><b><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Red</span></span></b></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">740–625<span style="color: #0b2f9d;">[4]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">405–479 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">A traditional, broad color term, which includes some nearby non-spectral hues. The short-wave boundary can extend to 620 or even about 610 nanometres<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• Extreme spectral red = red (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">CIE RGB</span></span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">×<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">740 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">405 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Exact spectrum has more influence on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminance" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">luminance</span></span></a> than on chromaticity in this band; chromaticities are almost the same for these two variants<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• red (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-gamut_RGB_color_space" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Wide-gamut RGB</span></span></a>primary)<span style="color: #0b2f9d;">[5]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #be0010; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">×<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 700 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 428 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Helium–neon laser</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #fb0008; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">×<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">634 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">473 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• Some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">carmine</span></span></a> dyes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #be0006; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">×<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_infrared" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">NIR</span></span></a>–602<span style="color: #0b2f9d;">[6]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">NIR–497 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Near-spectral, but other parts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_(color)" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">carmine (color)</span></span></a> are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_purples" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">purple</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• red (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">sRGB</span></span></a> primary)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #fb0008; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">614–609 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">488–492 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">0°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Noticeably non-spectral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #fc6b09; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 4pt;" width="4"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #efefef; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(colour)" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><b><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Orange</span></span></b></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #fc6b09; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">620–585 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">625–590<span style="color: #0b2f9d;">[4]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">483–512 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">479–508 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">0°–30°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">The short-wave (yellowish) part corresponds to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_(color)" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">amber</span></span></a>, the long-wave (reddish) side nears (or includes) RGB red above.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan="7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eaee29; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 4pt;" width="4"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #efefef; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 232pt;" width="232"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><b><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Yellow</span></span></b></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">585–560 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">590–565<span style="color: #0b2f9d;">[4]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">512–540 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">508–530 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">A traditional color term<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Sodium-vapor lamp</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #fdb40a; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 589 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 508 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• yellow (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Color_System" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">NCS</span></span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #fecc0b; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">50°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_(color)" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Gold</span></span></a> has almost identical chromaticity at h = 51°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsell_color_system" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Munsell</span></span></a> 5Y for V = 10, C = 22<span style="color: #0b2f9d;">[7]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #fedc0b; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 577 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 519 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_color_model" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">process</span></span></a> (canary) yellow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #feef0c; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">56°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• yellow (sRGB <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_color" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">secondary</span></span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffff0c; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 570 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">60°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartreuse_(color)" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Chartreuse</span></span></a> yellow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #d9ff0b; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">68°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #b4ff0b; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 4pt;" width="4"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #efefef; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(color)" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Lime</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #b4ff0b; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 564 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 75°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">May be classified as either green or yellow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan="9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #34f128; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 4pt;" width="4"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #efefef; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 232pt;" width="232"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><b><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Green</span></span></b></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">565–??? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">530–??? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">A traditional, broad color term<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartreuse_(color)" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Chartreuse</span></span></a> green<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #72ff0a; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">90°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• Bright green<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #5bff09; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 556 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">96°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_(color)" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Harlequin</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3dff09; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 552 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">105°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• green (sRGB primary)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #23ff09; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 549 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 547 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">120°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Noticeably non-spectral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• green (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-gamut_RGB_color_space" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Wide-gamut RGB</span></span></a>primary)<span style="color: #0b2f9d;">[5]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #1bc627; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">×<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 525 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 571 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Almost spectral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_green" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Spring green</span></span></a> (sRGB definition)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #23ff6c; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">×<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">150°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td rowspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">May lie rather far from the spectrum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• green (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Color_System" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">NCS</span></span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #149158; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">×<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">160°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsell_color_system" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Munsell</span></span></a> 5G for V = 4, C = 29<span style="color: #0b2f9d;">[7][8]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #149064; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">×<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 503 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 597 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">(?)≈ 163°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">(extrap.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan="4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #30c3c0; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 4pt;" width="4"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #efefef; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 232pt;" width="232"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyan" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><b><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Cyan</span></span></b></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">500+–480<span style="color: #0b2f9d;">[9]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">520–500<span style="color: #0b2f9d;">[4]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">593–624 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">576–600 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Sometimes included (or overlaps) with blue, terminological distinction between the two is inconsistent<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise_(color)" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Turquoise</span></span></a> <i>Blue</i><sup>[sic]</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #23ffeb; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">×<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 175°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Most of "turquoise" lies far away of the spectrum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• cyan (sRGB secondary)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #24ffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">×<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">180°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td rowspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Lie rather far from the spectrum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_color_model" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">process</span></span></a> cyan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #17a8e6; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">×<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">193°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan="5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #2b83fe; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 4pt;" width="4"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #efefef; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 232pt;" width="232"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><b><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Blue</span></span></b></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">490–450 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">500–435<span style="color: #0b2f9d;">[4]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">610–666 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">600–689 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">A traditional, broad color term, which used to include cyan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• blue (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Color_System" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">NCS</span></span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #1073af; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">×<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">197°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Lies rather far from the spectrum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_(color)" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Azure</span></span></a> (sRGB definition)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #0f65fe; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">×<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 488<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 614 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 210°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">May lie rather far from the spectrum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsell_color_system" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Munsell</span></span></a> 5B for V = 5, C = 20<span style="color: #0b2f9d;">[7]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #093f99; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">×<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 482 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 622 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">(?)≈ 225°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">(extrap.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 177pt;" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">• blue (RGB primary)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #0200fe; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;">466–436</span><span style="color: #0b2f9d; font-family: Helvetica;">[10]</span><span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 42pt;" width="42"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">240°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">(of sRGB)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 678pt;" width="678"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">May be classified as indigo or (if indigo is omitted) as violet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Indigo</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #2600fe; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
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</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 446 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">≈ 672 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">(?)≈ 243°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">(extrap.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Definition is controversial, this wavelength least disputably belongs to "indigo"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_(color)" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><b><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Violet</span></span></b></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #340087; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 50pt;" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">×<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 85pt;" width="85"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">450–400 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">435–380<span style="color: #0b2f9d;">[4]</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; width: 77pt;" width="77"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">666–750 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">689–788 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">up to 277°<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">(extrap.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica;">Far spectral violet is very dim and rarely seen. The term also extends to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_purples" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">purples</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16pt;">Perfect color recognition?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Now the word perfect suggest perfection. However, if I present the color "Lime" in the above table to randomly chosen people and ask them to decide whether the color is either yellow or green, then I will get different answers. Some will call it yellow and others will call it green. This depends on what they have learned during their childhood and lives: their experiences let them associate the physical color stimulus to a name. Now, perfect would mean if you gave the exact frequency in THz for a color. However this is limitless, and not reasonable for everyday discussions. Therefore the usual color name usage is limited to a few color names: e. g. red, green, blue, etc. Of course we can get a more precise description of colors if we add additional color names like "lime" or „indigo“ to our repertoire. Artists, photographers and other people that work a lot with colors will use much more names to specify colors. And if color differentiation would be relevant for our survival, we would have introduced additional names to other frequency ranges in our daily usage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16pt;">Tolerance of descriptive words<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">As we can see in the above example, professionals tend to enlarge the vocabulary for their field. This is because it is important for their communication. However, the communication is still based on personal experience and the involved learning process. In other words: if in one part of the world the word Zürich-blue (the emblem of the city of Zürich is white and blue) is used to describe a special blue, then it will not be understood on other parts of the world. Even if two citizens of Zürich speak of Zürich-blue, they base their imagination on personal experience with that color. In case of a dispute about the usage of a color name, the world would have to agree on a specific frequency range for the definition oft hat color (Zürich-blue). However, since no two persons share all experiences together, there is always an accepted tolerance associated with words.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16pt;">Absolute Pitch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">In the Western world we have divided the octave into 12 equally distinct frequency ranges and assigned them note names. To have an absolute fixation point, for the octave ranges we have assigned the concert pitch (the note A4) to the frequency of 440 Hz. However, before the equal tempered scale was invented other scales with either less or more notes in an octave were used. The use of less or more notes has a direct influence on the note naming system. In other words, systems with more than 12 half steps let you describe the pitches more precise in words than our 12 tone equal tempered system allows. So, the relation frequency range, - external physical stimulus -, to a note name is a learned pattern. The system chosen directly influences the precision a note name has. For example in the 24 tone equal tempered scale you have double as many notes in an octave and therefore double the precision in describing the pitch of a note. Yet, the human ear is capable of discerning pitches to even more than 24 notes in an octave. Since we can physically discern the pitches, we can also learn the 24 notes-system. Of course usually you learn the 24 tone equal tempered system later and use the 12 tone equal tempered system as a reference. Even so you start now from another starting point (12 tone system), the new names and their corresponding frequency ranges have to be learned. If you have absolute pitch (that is you can name the note if you hear pitched sound) and you now learn to differentiate quarter notes, you may think it is easy and natural. But it is a learning process: you must differentiate the stimulus more precise and associate it with a new description. And this learning process includes the memorization of the new to make differentiation of the frequency ranges to a descriptive name.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16pt;">Learning Advantages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">While it is true that naming pitches correctly is a learned ability, there are other factors that may influence the learning process heavily.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">The first is on the physical side. Some people may have a better ear in the first place. For example they may hear very soft sounds, or are able to physically recognize very high or low frequencies. Also the hair cells in the inner ear may produce stronger signals relative to other stimuli, so that the signals get processed with higher priority.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">The second factor is on the storage side. For some people the storage of sound may be more precise or easier to accomplish than for others.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">These are genetically given advantages (or disadvantages). Indeed, some researchers think that absolute pitch depends on a genetic locus. However, the finding [Deutsch Diana, “</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://deutsch.ucsd.edu/pdf/Acoustics_Today_2006.pdf" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">The Enigma of Absolute Pitch</span></span></a>“, 2006</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">] that when people spent their early childhood in an East Asian area,- with pitch accented languages -, are more likely to develop absolute pitch supports the idea that the acquisition of absolute pitch is more based on the learning process than on genetics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">With or without genetic advantages, the association of frequency ranges to note-names has to be learned. Observations show that this learning process has to be done early in childhood: in the so-called critical period.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16pt;">Critical Learning Period<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">From Wikipedia we get the following information: A <span>critical period</span> is an important stage in the life span of an organism as it acquires a particular developmental skill that is indispensable in their life span which can influence later development [Robson, Ann L. "Critical/Sensitive Periods., 2002"]. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Period_Hypothesis" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Critical Period Hypothesis</span></span></a> (CPH) states that the first few years of life constitute the time during which language develops readily and after which (sometime between age 5 and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">puberty</span></span></a>) language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful [Siegler, Robert. „How Children Develop“, 2006].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Since language and pitch detection are both aural skills, they have naturally a lot in common. For example, it is much harder to learn a foreign language after this critical period. The same is true for acquiring absolute pitch. However, the human being is the only known species that is known to be able to learn until to his death.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16pt;">Differentiation of early and late learners<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">As with languages it makes sense to differentiate early and late learners. Since language and pitch share a lot, we must assume that for acquiring pitch as a late learner similar laws will apply as for learning a second language. From the fact that absolute pitch is rare, we can assume that the critical period is even more important than for learning a second language.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">So the easiness to learn surely can be attributed to age. However that does not change the fact that pitch detection is a learned behavior. The introduction of separate terms for early and late learners still makes sense, since the prerequisites are different, and therefore the learning effects are completely different. We always introduce new terms if it makes sense to introduce a new term for a particular, differentiate enough group. For example the SI unit for distances is meter. But for large distances, e. g. between cities, it makes sense to use km (or miles). Introducing new terms does not change physical laws. In this way absolute pitch stays a learned behavior, independent of the term used. Unfortunately, the term "born with" is often used in conjunction with early learners of absolute pitch. However this term is misleading in the way that the term suggests a trait that can be epigenetically inherited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">I think the discussion would be much easier, if that "mystical" part of absolute pitch that portrays the "you are born with" would be replaced by "in early childhood there is a critical period where you can acquire absolute pitch very easily. If you miss that time-frame it is very hard to learn, comparable or exceeding the effort to learning a foreign language."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">If we compare the acquisition of absolute pitch to the acquisition of a foreign language, we see: that learning a foreign language gets more difficult as older we get, and there is for sure a point, where we are no more able to get as fluent as a native speaker. But this limit is very individual and also depends on the motivation to learn. So if the parents move to another language speaking country, before you start school, it is very likely that you get as fluent as a native speaker. If you move at the age of twenty years, you may still get very close to native speakers. And after living 60 years in the new country, then with the age of 80 years, you may no more speak your mother tongue as good as the acquired new language.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">The acquisition of a second language or absolute pitch is influenced by three mechanisms: learning blockers, learning accelerators, and motivation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16pt;">Learning blockers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Learning means to memorize a relationship between stimuli and an abstract word or phrase. This learning process can be blocked, when the stimulus already is assigned to a certain word. For example if we see a house (abstract stimulus), then the word for house in our native language comes to mind. Since there are many stimuli related with the word house, it is difficult to reprogram all the stimuli to a new foreign word. Therefore, the old assigned word blocks the new to learn word from coming to our mind.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Because relative pitch plays a much more important role than absolute pitch, our brain will give us a hard time to relearn absolute pitch. (See youtube video: <a href="http://youtu.be/6w7ToPwPWjg" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">Absolute and Relative Pitch – Inside our Methods</span></span></a>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">The following findings support the supposition that the critical learning period is indeed more important than the genetically differences in people and that the main reason why adults </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">often struggle to learn a new language, or are unable to acquire absolute pitch is because of a reduced degree of neuroplasticity after we have mastered using a skill actively.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f2e31; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Abstract from research article „</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Valproate reopens critical-period learning of absolute pitch“:<span style="color: #2f2e31;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f2e31; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Absolute pitch, the ability to identify or produce the pitch of a sound without a reference point, has a critical period, i.e., it can only be acquired early in life. However, research has shown that histone-deacetylase inhibitors (HDAC inhibitors) enable adult mice to establish perceptual preferences that are otherwise impossible to acquire after youth. In humans, we found that adult men who took valproate (VPA) (a HDAC inhibitor) learned to identify pitch significantly better than those taking placebo—evidence that VPA facilitated critical-period learning in the adult human brain. Importantly, this result was not due to a general change in cognitive function, but rather a specific effect on a sensory task associated with a critical-period.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"> [</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Gervain, Vines, Chen, Seo, Hensch, Werker and Young, „</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3848041/" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">Valproate reopens critical-period learning of absolute pitch</span></span></a>“, 2013]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16pt;">Learning Accelerators<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Two things that tremendously help in learning are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"><span>1.</span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">active exercises<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;"><span>2.</span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">and feedback<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">With active exercises you do physically a task. That means you can directly feel the relationship between the element to learn and your activity. For pitch, without doubt, singing correctly is the best activity you can do. As with all physical activities they get automated after multiple repetitions. Thus complex things can be accomplished without long thinking. That is, if you are tired, you can just let your brain start the execution from memory. That is you activate the procedure that was stored in muscle memory during your repetitive training. For absolute pitch this means, if you have trained to sing a note correctly, you will be able to sing the note correctly without a big effort from your side: muscle memory will do the job for you. To be able to correctly sing a pitch without reference enables you to produce such a reference sound yourself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">To improve a skill you need feedback. Without feedback, or wrong feedback, you may learn incorrect relationships between a stimulus and its associated description. Unfortunately, before computers were a commodity item, it was difficult to find a person, - since there were only a few people that had acquired perfect pitch during childhood -, that could give feedback on the precision of your pitch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">With the introduction of the Singing Funnel Method, which gives precise pitch feedback to your active singing, we give you a handle to improve your pitch production and therefore also pitch recognition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16pt;">Motivation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Another important factor is motivation. For example Lennenberg found that </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">even following many years of experience, a second language that is learned in adulthood is generally spoken with a ‘foreign accent’ [Lennenberg, „<i><a href="http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/biolinguistic/data/course/biological_foundations.htm" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">Biological Foundations of Language</span></span></a>“, 1967</i>]. Now, that doesn’t proof that you cannot get rid of the accent. For a single word or a special phrase, it is relative simple to proof that you can indeed eliminate the accent for that word or phrase. Unfortunately, the life span is limited, and the merits to get rid of an accent are negligible. Since the task to get rid of the accent is self-conscious and labor intensive, and it is difficult to get (permanently) the necessary feedback, it is no wonder that the negligible factor accent is never learned to the outmost.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">In music this is even truer, since all the instruments have to harmonize relative to each other. Thus leaving no room for absolute pitch. The missing benefits of absolute pitch are probably the main reason why absolute pitch after childhood is seldom acquired.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16pt;">Counter productive forced learning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">If from the above writings you think that you should start doing pitch exercises with your young child, so that it belongs to the “born with” group, think twice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">First, forcing a child to do something, may lead to a hate for that activity. Let your child explore the music with his own pace and interests. Remember, there is little to no room for absolute pitch in music. The musical experience is relative. Harmony is always relative to other pitches. Absolute pitch helps you only in the orientation, where you stand. For example the concert pitch had several frequencies assigned to it, before the Western music settled for a frequency of 440 Hz. Still, independent of the settlement, the music was always about harmony. And harmony is a relative concept.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Second, if the child gets used to look for absolute pitch, it may well accept it. But it may develop intolerance for deviations. Since for the learning process perfectly tuned instruments should be used, the child gets accustomed to these perfectly tuned pitches. If the child later hears music that is differently tuned, it may object to such deviations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">However, a melody played on one string will always produce the correct relative pitches if the string gets divided properly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">That is, if the string gets divided in the middle, a pitch an octave higher is produced. Other division points will produce other pitches relative to the open string. In this way it doesn’t matter if the guitar is mistuned. The produced sounds for the melody will still be perfectly correct in regard to pitch changes relative to the open string. E. g. in the above picture the mistuned guitar still produces correct intervals relative to the open string.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">To avoid intolerance for pitches, the child should have access to instruments or voice recordings where the pitches get bent or make use of the just intonation. This allowance of deviations from the perfect pitch makes of course the learning process of identifying pitches more complicated or even impossible for a child. The child may not be able to understand the concept of assigning a range of frequencies around a center frequency to a single term.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16pt;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">After the critical period, you may not acquire absolute pitch, or it is very hard to do so, since the rewards of possessing absolute pitch are not worth the effort to do so. But the point is you can improve your ability to recognize pitches, since the identification of a pitch is a learned behavior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Our Singing Funnel and Octave Anchor Pitches methods make use of these facts: they show you how big your range to identify a pitch is. And more important, how good you can remember a pitch. In the beginning you may find yourself more than two whole steps off, but with a little training you will realize that you can improve your pitch memory: Simply by using your muscle memory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">That is you remember how to position the muscles of your vocal cords to produce a specific pitch. As you progress through the active singing exercises, your control over the muscle movement will increase. You will find that the deviation from the perfect pitch, - with the increased precision of your muscle movements -, will be less and less, until you can produce and therefore remember pitches to a precision better than 50 cents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">For more information visit: <a href="http://www.listening-ear-trainer.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">http://www.listening-ear-trainer.com</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;">Please, let us know your meaning about “born with” absolute pitch versus “learned behavior”. Thank you.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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PitchFeedbackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09869949001979826232noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2622377600923911555.post-18606275221800672922012-09-04T06:31:00.000-07:002018-11-25T23:32:51.326-08:00Pitch Feedback for MusiciansThis blog is about pitch feedback for musicians.<br />
Share your comments about the advantages pitch feedback has. How pitch feedback helps you to improve your listening skills. How you use pitch feedback. How feedback helps you in the learning process. This blog is especially made to comment the following sites (if you do not have a youtube or Facebook account this is the place to share your experience with our products):<br />
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- <a href="http://www.listening-singing-teacher.com/">http://www.listening-singing-teacher.com</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.listening-music-teacher.com/">http://www.listening-music-teacher.com</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.listening-ear-trainer.com/">http://www.listening-ear-trainer.com</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.tunecrack.com/">http://www.tunecrack.com</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.same-pitch-please.com/">http://www.same-pitch-please.com</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.pitch-ability-test.com/">http://www.pitch-ability-test.com</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.pitch-blitz.com/">http://www.pitch-blitz.com</a><br />
- <a href="http://www.pitch-grid-test.com/">http://www.pitch-grid-test.com</a><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 20px;">I am highly interested about your opinion. What features do you like? What is not working for you? What tips do you have for other users? How do you compare these programs to other singing/music courses (ebooks, audio courses)?</span><br />
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<br />PitchFeedbackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09869949001979826232noreply@blogger.com1